Contents
Introduction .............................................................................................................. 7
Chapter 1 Generalities .............................................................................................. 9
1 - Generalities ................................................................................................................10
1.1 - Fundamental concepts regarding watercourses ......................................................................................................... 10
1.2 - Effect of bridges on the watercourses ......................................................................................................................... 12
1.3 - Effect of watercourse developments on the bridges .................................................................................................... 14
1.4 - Specific cases of navigable watercourses ................................................................................................................... 14
1.5 - Approach for conducting a hydraulics study .............................................................................................................. 15
Chapter 2 Hydraulics and bridges............................................................................ 17
2 - Hydraulics and bridges ................................................................................................. 18
2.1 - Hydrology concepts .................................................................................................................................................... 18
2.2 - Hydraulics concepts.................................................................................................................................................... 25
2.3 - Effects of bridges on liquid flows................................................................................................................................ 36
2.4 - Hydraulic risks incurred by the structures ................................................................................................................. 45
Chapter 3 Morphodynamics and bridges .................................................................. 51
3 - Morphodynamics and bridges......................................................................................... 52
3.1 - Morphodynamic concepts ........................................................................................................................................... 52
3.2 - Effects of bridges on the morphodynamics ................................................................................................................. 65
3.3 - Protection of structures against erosion ..................................................................................................................... 76
Chapter 4 Aquatic ecosystems and bridges.............................................................. 83
4 - Aquatic ecosystems and bridges ..................................................................................... 84
4.1 - General hydroecological concepts.............................................................................................................................. 84
4.2 - Disturbances created by bridges to aquatic ecosystems ............................................................................................. 91
Chapter 5 Navigation of inland waterways and bridges............................................103
5 - Navigation of inland waterways and bridges...................................................................104
5.1 - Concepts regarding navigation................................................................................................................................. 105
5.2 - Effect of the bridge on navigation............................................................................................................................. 113
5.3 - Effect of the navigation on the design of bridges ...................................................................................................... 114
5.4 - Signaling ................................................................................................................................................................... 119
5.5 - Examples................................................................................................................................................................... 121
Chapter 6 Taking the watercourse and the operation project into account ...............123
6 - Taking the watercourse and the operation project into account.........................................124
6.1 - Regulations and recommendations for taking the watercourse into account in the study of an engineering structure.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 124
6.2 - Methodology of the hydrological study..................................................................................................................... 134
6.3 - Preliminary engineering structure road project study (phase 1).............................................................................. 138
6.4 - Preliminary engineering structure project (phase 2)................................................................................................ 140
6.5 - Detailed project (phase 3) ........................................................................................................................................ 140
6.6 - Necessary data for a hydraulics study ...................................................................................................................... 141
6.7 - Work site ................................................................................................................................................................... 146
6.8 - Operation .................................................................................................................................................................. 149
6.9 - Participants............................................................................................................................................................... 151
Appendices ............................................................................................................153
Appendix 3-1: case study - Protecting a bridge against the risks of scouring and bypassing - The Logone river in Moundou..................................................................................................154
Appendix 3-2: Details for dimensioning riprap protections ...................................................158
Appendix 3-3: transversal protections - groins ....................................................................167
Appendix 3-4: estimation of the scouring risks at the bottom of the bridge supports (via the H.N.C. Breusers and Al. formula) .................................................................................................173
Appendix 3-5: RN 94 - Embrun diversion project (05) - Crossing structure for the Durance river - Morphodynamic study (2000-2005).....................................................................................177
Appendix 5-1: calculation of the protections due to propeller jets..........................................181
Appendix 5-2: design notes for the temporary support protections of the Richemond viaduct .....184
Glossary ................................................................................................................201
Bibliography ..........................................................................................................203
